![]() ![]() This is the key insight of the larger work, that racism makes black people in America experience a dualism in life, both citizen and black, human and less-than. Du Bois focuses on how this racism creates a “double-consciousness” for blacks in America who realize they are American citizens with rights while also recognizing that the white man sees them as inferior. He provides a detailed, description in each essay of how racism toward African Americans continued even after emancipation. In the larger work, The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903, from which this excerpt is drawn, Du Bois describes the historical conditions for African Americans in the post-Civil War South during Reconstruction and to his present day. ![]() Du Bois was also interested in political economy, and would have earned a PhD from Friedrich-Wilhelm III Universität after studying there for two years under leading faculty in the German Historical School of economics if his fellowship had not expired, requiring him to leave Germany. ![]() Ironically, Du Bois died the morning of the day that Martin Luther King Jr. ![]() He was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University in 1895, and one of the founders of the NAACP in 1909. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868–1963) was a many-talented individual-an activist, sociologist, historian, educator, and poet, to name a few. ![]()
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